Hi guys, i want to measure the resistance between 2 points using my 6221 daq card. Should an increase in resistance of more than 20% be measured during these periodic checks, the technician should investigate the source of. The device which converts electrical energy to heat energy is termed a resistor and its ability to impede current is termed resistance. This method is derived from the 4point method which is used for soil resistivity measurements. Where v is a measured voltage between the voltage spike and i is the injected current during the earth resistance measurement through the electrode. Connect the earth ground tester and both the inducing and sensing clamps, which are placed around each connection to measure the loop resistance of the mgn, ground field, water pipe and the building steel. Aemc understanding ground resistance testing youtube. The nec has stated to make sure that system impedance to ground is less than 25 ohms. How to reduce the earthing resistance cr4 discussion thread. The ground tester will measure directly by generating its own current and displaying the resistance of the ground electrode. Earth resistance soil resistivity tester 2 3 4 wire model km 20. The 3point method, called the fall of potential method. Only regular inspections can prove that the electrical installation is operating correctly.
There is not one standard ground resistance threshold that is recognized by all agencies. A few of the components that make up this resistance are the physical properties of the material used to make the electrode and conductor, all connections made, contact resistance between the. Digital earth resistance tester earth tester det digital earth resistance tester 3 terminal type earth testing kit km1520 kusam meco kusum meco digital earth tester earth pit check equipment km1520 earth testing meter. As per is 3043 pipe, rod or strip has a much lower resistance than a plate of equal surface area. An efficient method for earth resistance reduction using the. Earth resistance measurement earth resistance measurement with 4, 3 and 2 wires and six ranges covering measurements from 0. Ohms law defines resistance, r, as the ratio of voltage v across a component, to the current i passing through it. Dieter schroder from arizona state university for his generous contributions and freely given resources. The most commonly used method of measuring the earth resistance of an earth electrode is the 3point measuring technique shown in figure 1. In general terms, resistance is the capacity of a circuit or material to oppose the flow of an electrical current and is referred to as ohms. Groundearth resistance standard measurement jghrist electrical 3 jul 08 17. C is a compact instrument for the measurement of ground resistance in. It has been found that the sorption units lose or gain moisture from the surrounding soil.
R vi to measure resistance, we apply a test current to a wire and detect the voltage drop developed. Measurements of specific electrical contact resistance between sic and leadlithium eutectic alloy neil b. Electrical resistance resistance r any device in a circuit which converts electrical energy into some other form impedes the current. An efficient method for earth resistance reduction using. Installation tester benning it 115 short instructions. There are many earth resistance measurement methods available. Over time, corrosive soils with high moisture and salt content and high temperatures can degrade ground. Here also, the lead resistance, due to long lead length, will affect the measurement results. The resistance to remote earth of the grounding system needs to be at a minimum in order to sustain its effectiveness.
Using ohms law, eri or rei, you can obtain the ground stake resistance. And extra high voltage the neutral points shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct connections with earth, each having its own electrode at the generating station or substation. The measurement of resistance of electric circuits is important as resistance causes a power loss. Pdf how to precisely measure the grounding resistance of substations is the fundamental factor to guarantee the safe operation of power systems. Measurement of ground resistivity our earth and resistivity kits are used for earth and ground resistivity measurements. Earth resistance measurements with 4, 3 and 2 wires. The digital multimeter or dmm offers two methods for measuring resistance. Principles and testing methods of earth ground resistance. Semiconductor device and material characterization dr.
The 3point ground resistance measurement protec blog. It is a quantity which, expressed in ohms and multiplied by the square root of the mean square value of the alternating current through the circuit, expressed in amperes, will give the square root of the mean square value of that component of. A practical guide to earth resistance testing the word megger is a registered trademark. Such tests are made in powergenerating stations, electricaldistribution systems, industrial plants, and telecommunication systems. The periodic measurement of earth electrode resistance is indispensable to ensure the safety for electrical installation. Hence, a wellmaintained earthing system ensures the proper functioning of protection systems, absorbs electrical noise and.
The resistance area of the earth electrode is the area of the soil around which a voltage gradient is measured with a commercial instrument. However, in this vi it does not state how do i connect the. The ability to properly measure ground resistance is essential in preventing costly downtime due to service interruptions caused by poor grounds. In poland the resistance of line tower earthing is commonly measured using the impulse method, with earthing measurements for power line towers. The earth resistance mainly implies the resistance between the electrode and the point of zero potential. Earth resistance measurements with 4, 3 and 2 wires earth. Soil moisture measurements by electrical resistance. As with all of these lecture slides, i am indebted to dr. There are many methods for measuring the earth resistance such as the 2pole method, 3pole fallof. Liu, measurement and analysis of contact resistance in wafer probe testing, 3rd edition, microelectronics reliability 2006.
P1, p2, c1, c2, it means there are two potential terminals and two current terminals. Measurement of 234pole earth resistance, soil resistivity, earth voltage, ac voltage. Methods for the measurement of low resistance kelvin double bridge ammeter voltmeter method. Earth resistance measurements significantly differ from other measurements. Bureau of standards now nist developed the theory behind this test in 1915 see reference pg. Methods of measuring electrical resistance edwin fitch. If you carry out tests at different areas and you are able to get a resistance value of up to 2.
The value of the earth resistance for different power stations is shown below. Alan doolittle school of electrical and computer engineering. Specific contact resistance measurements of metalsemiconductor junctions n. An analysis of contact resistance between probe tip and gold pad. Number of contacts x100 sample 01 sample 02 sample 03 04 using ate circuit resistance include the result is resemblance source.
Earth resistance without soil treatment measuring the earth resistance is very important to ensure that it is equal or les the design required value of the building. Grounding resistance measurement analysis of grounding system in verticallayered soil article pdf available in ieee transactions on power delivery 194. The threepoint or fall of potential method is one of the techniques carried out to determine ground resistance. Groundearth resistance standard measurement electric.
The procedures for earth resistance testing are referenced in ieee standard no. Terminal to earth pit to be measured for resistance. Measurement of the resistance of large earthelectrode systems. Measurement of lightning protection systems according to en 62305 standard. This method uses three poles where the potential difference is measured on points x and y while current is applied in points x and z. Dmm resistance measurement considerations keysight. What is the desired earthing value in earthing pit. Oct 26, 2007 hi guys, i want to measure the resistance between 2 points using my 6221 daq card. To measure the earth ground resistance of a single ground electrode at e in fig. Liu, measurement and analysis of contact resistance in wafer probe testing, 3rd edition, microelectronics reliability 2006 comparing of other results. Measuring resistance using 6221 ni community national.
So, although the ground system had low earth ground resistance values when initially installed. So resistance can be defined as the opposition to current caused by a. For both methods, the test current flows from the input hi terminal and then through the resistor being measured. The resistance area of the earth electrode is the area of the soil around which a voltage gradient is measured with a commercial. An analysis of contact resistance between probe tip and gold pad chang. Groundearth resistance standard measurement electric power. Edited in germany subject to change without notice a pdf version is available on the internet. The electrical resistance is a remarkably accurate index of the soil moisture. Fourterminal earthground resistance and soil resistivity. The most common methods of measuring the resistance of an. Earth resistance measurement our earth kits are used to measure the resistance of existing earth probes by the 3p method 2 auxiliary rods. Length of pipe electrode and earthing pit the resistance to earth of a pipe or plate electrode reduces rapidly within the first few feet from ground mostly 2 to 3 meter but after that soil resistivity is mostly uniform. The principles and methods of earth resistance testing covered in this section apply to lightning arrester installations as well as to other systems that require low resistance ground connections.
Pdf grounding resistance measurement analysis of grounding. Ive searched through the example finder and i found 3 examples on resistance measurement. Poor grounding contributes to downtime but a lack of good grounding is also dangerous and increases the risk of equipment failure. Resistance and resistivity are often used interchangeably however they have slightly different meanings. Earth resistance measurements on installations with a single earth electrode it is important to point out that the earth resistance measurement of reference is the 2stake method. Four of the most common methods of ground resistance testing used by test technicians are discussed below. It is a quantity which, expressed in ohms and multiplied by the square root of the mean square value of the alternating current through the circuit, expressed in amperes, will give the square root of the mean square value of that. The mft1700 series earth tester is a range of 3 instruments for testing low voltage electrical installations to bs7671. Classification of resistance low resistance is the range of. Ground resistance depends on grounding electrode selection, soil resistivity, soil contact, and other factors.
However, the nfpa and ieee have recommended a ground resistance value of 5. First, the nec code requires a minimum ground electrode length of 2. Measurement of earth resistance by potential fall method. A similar problem occurs when making ground mat resistance tests, because long lead lengths of up to feet, are used. The four point resistance measurement method eliminates lead resistance. This loss in not useful and the energy typically causes hot spots and is spent harming the conductor or harming the insulation. Measuring ground resistance with the 62% method ground resistance is a measurement of the conducting connection between a grounding system and earth. The simplest and somewhat misleading idea of a good ground for an electrical system is a section of iron pipe driven into the earth with a wire conductor connected from the pipe to the electrical circuit figure 1 a practical guide to earth resistance testing megger on photo. Highquality accessories for your earth resistance andor. Broadly speaking, earth resistance is the resistance of soil to the passage of electric current.
The resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the ground is known as the earth resistance or resistance to earth. It should be clearly understood just what is meant by the quantity r which this method measures. Principles and testing methods of earth ground resistance ee. Home download center electrical engineering books and technical guides power substation guides measuring earth resistance what affects grounding resistance. This method is derived from the 4point method which is used for soil resistivity. The measurement of earth resistance is made by the potential fall method. Page 207 this ratio may take a value of two or more. My friend i am sharing my hands on experience you can use bentonite in addition to common salt and charcoal to improve earth resistance values it may sound funny but its true i have used cow dung to fill up the earth pit and watered the earth pit over night,next day when the earth resistance was measured it was less than 1 ohm but cow dung works only for a day or. The function of a sound earthing system is to ensure that all electric equipment are connected to the ground potential. Beyond this, ohmic resistance can be measured at both solid and. However, in this vi it does not state how do i connect the points to my daq. Yet, it also has an electrical property conductivity or low resistance that is put to practical use every day in industrial plants and utilities. Earth pit testing is measured by megger or earth pit tester. Mathematically, the earth resistance is given as the ratio of the voltage and the current shown below.
This method is referenced in all the electrical installation testing standards and can be used to measure the earth resistance both accurately and safely. To my knowledge, you cannot achieve a good ground resistance measurement using a multimeter. Posted by protec tech team on monday, september 10, 2012. A practical guide to earth resistance testing weschler instruments. An analysis of contact resistance between probe tip and. Measuring earth resistance eep electrical engineering. The general procedure for a singleearth grounding point, and a description of a modified approach using a current probe for testing ground resistance of multipleearth grounding point systems. Over time, corrosive soils with high moisture and salt content and high temperatures can degrade ground rods and their connections. They decided to check soil resistivity every 20 ft along the line. Measurement of earth resistance the measurement of earth resistance is made by the potential fall method. Measurement of earth resistance is a vital part of the maintenance of any electric installation. Earthing resistance as per ie rule cr4 discussion thread.
I assume that when you refer to earth pit, you are referring to the earth ground pit of either a lightning protection system or ground fault protection system, and that you are attempting to measure ground resistance of the system. As this loss is proportional to the square of the current, it increases quickly as the load increases and typically. Clamp on type earth resistance tester leakage current. Dmm resistance measurement considerations keysight community. There is no standard mentioning the desired values for resistance for earthing. Ideally a ground should be of zero ohms resistance.
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